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Kochi (Cochin) Backwaters

How To Reach Kochi Backwaters

By Air
International Airport at Nedumbassery is 20 kms from town

By Rail
Ernakulam (Cochin) is a major railhead of the Southern Railway.
Main Station is Ernakulam (Cochin) junction and other 2 stations are Ernakulam (Cochin) town and Kochi Harbour Terminus.

By Road
Ernakulam is accessible by road from all major cities.

Ferries
There are two ferry stations in Ernakulam (Cochin). The main boat jetty is one km from the junction railway station and the other is near the high court.

Local Transport
Taxis, city buses and autorickshaws.

Climate

Mean Max: 32.6 °C.
Mean Min: 21.4°C.

Cochin now known as Kochi is one of the most visited Kerala Backwater destinations. Cochin port is famous for its spices, exported to the west from ancient times to the present day. The Jewish Synagogue, Fort Cochin, The Matancherry Palace built by the Dutch and St Francis Church are popular tourist attractions in Cochin.

Kochi also called the "Queen of the Arabian Sea," receives many visitors round the year who travel to Kerala to see its tourist attractions and because Cochin is Kerala's industrial and commercial capital. Many backwater cruises begin or end in Cochin. You're sure to find a Kerala backwater tour that will enchant and refresh you when you stay in Cochin. Enjoy the Kerala backwater tourist attractions of Cochin while staying at hotels in Cochin.

Some of these picturesque islands have exotic names like Bolgatty, Vypeen, Gundu and Vallarpadam. The lake opens out into the Arabian Sea to form one of the finest natural harbours in the world and has made Kochi a fascinating blend of the cultures. The Arabs, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch and British have left their mark on the city. As a result for the tourist there is the Jewish synagogue, the Dutch palace, the Chinese fishing nets and remnants of European and Asian architecture. Kochi is fascinating for the history lover and the general tourist. There are several quaint and interesting places to visit like Willingdon Island (a short boat ride from Kochi harbour), the Mattancherry Palace, the Jewish Synagogue, Fort Kochi and Bolgatty Island.

Cochin Tourist Attractions:

Cochin is a historic town where many colonial rulers of the past have left their mark. The Portuguese, Dutch and English all have made their presence felt in Cochin. Some of the tourist attractions that you will see on your Kerala visit of Cochin are:

Chinese Fishing Nets in Cochin Harbor: The fishing nets in Cochin harbor are a beautiful sight. Suspended from a wooden framework these cobweb-like structures form a delicate silhouette as the sunset paints the twilight sky in shades of ochre and crimson.

St Francis Church built in 1503 by Portuguese Franciscan Friars, this is India's oldest European Church. This was initially built of timber and later reconstructed in stone masonry. It was restored in 1779 by the protestant dutch, converted To an anglican church by the british in 1795 and is at present governed by the church of south india. Vasco da gama was buried here in 1524 before his Remains were moved to Lisbon, portugal.

Matancherry Palace, Cochin: Also called the Dutch Palace, this structure was built by the Portuguese and given to the Raja of Cochin in 1555 AD. It was renamed the Dutch Palace in 1663. The central hall is an impressive auditorium where the coronation ceremonies of the Rajas of Cochin were held.

Jewish Synagogue, Cochin: Located in Mattancheri near Kochi, this historic synagogue was built by a thriving Jewish community in 1568 A.D. Now the community has dwindled in numbers, however the synagogue is beautifully preserved. You can see the religious scrolls and the beautiful hand-painted tiles from China, which decorate the synagogue.

Dutch Palace, Cochin: Situated on an island off the coast of Cochin, and accessible by boat, the palace was built by the Dutch in 1744. Previously used as the residence of the Governor by the Dutch and the British, the palace is now a heritage hotel in Cochin and is famous for its canopied garden.

Enjoy visiting the tourist attractions of Kochi on your Kerala visit.

Alappuzha Backwaters

Climate

Temprature
Summer : Max: 35°C, Min: 22.5°C
Winter : Max: 32°C Min: 20°C


Rainfall
299 cm (annual)

How To Reach Alappuzha Backwaters

By Air
Nearest airport is at Kochi, 66 kms away.

By Rail
The place is well connected to Kochi, by rail.

By Road
The place is connected to all the south Indian towns, by a well-developed network of roads. There are frequent bus services to Alleppey.

Ferries

The State Water Transport Department operates boat services connecting Alleppey with some other places like Quilon (8Hrs), Changanacherry (3hrs), Kumarakom (3hr), Cochin (4hrs), Kumarakom (2hrs), Chengannor, etc.

Alappuzha, early known as Alleppey, in Kerala is surrounded by waterways and canals and is therefore also called the "Venice of the East." Alappuzha is famous for the beautiful backwaters surrounding it. Most of the Kerala Backwater cruises begin or end in Alappuzha. The backwaters are beautiful and referesghing sight with water birds and flowers and greenery. Welcome to Alapuza to see the beauty of Alappuzha.

Alappuzha Tourist Attractions:

Situated on the banks of Vembanad Lake, the town's commercial centre lives in a maze of canals. Set in the labyrinth of Backwater channels, the town is one of the best gateways to explore the unspoilt countryside.

Alappuzha beach is one of the most popular spots in the district of Alappuzha. The pier, which extends into the sea here, is around 140 years old.

With the Arabian Sea on the west and a vast network of lakes, lagoons and several freshwater rivers criss-crossing it, Alappuzha is a district of immense natural beauty.

Referred to as the Venice of the East by travellers from across the world, this Backwater Country is also home to diverse animal and bird life. By virtue of its proximity to the sea, the town has always enjoyed a unique place in the maritime history of Kerala.

Alappuzha is also known worldwide as a center of the coir industry. Coir is made from the rough outer husk of the coconut. The fibers of the husk are processed and woven to make useful items including packaging material, boards, mats and brushes.

Alappuzha is famous for the Snake Boat Races held here every year around the time of the Onam festival. The giant snake boats called Chundanvalloms, race against each other for the prestigious Nehru Trophy. Prime Minster Jawaharlal Nehru donated the trophy after he received an unforgettable reception along the waterways of Alappuzha. Teams of rowers seated on the long Snake Boats with their curving prows battle it out for the honor of winning the Nehru Trophy. Crowds throng the edge of the waterways where the race is held. Many tourists come to Alappuzha to see this exciting event. Alappuzha wears a carnival atmosphere during the boat races held at the Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha. You can see the exhilarating snake boat races of Alappuzha on your Kerala visit.

Alappuzha also has a number of historic colonial buildings and a beautiful beach, with a garden alongside the beach. A pier, lighthouse and grove of palm trees are scenic attractions near the Alappuzha beach. Enjoy touring the attraction of Alappuzha in Kerala, India on your Kerala visit.


Kollam Backwaters

How To Reach Kollam Backwaters

By Air
The nearest airport, Thiruvananthapuram, is 72km away from Kollam.

By Rail
Quilon is connected by rail with several important cities.

By Road
Quilon is connected by road with many tourist centres in India.

Local Transport
For local transport, one can use private and KSRTC buses, yellow-top and tourist taxis, and autorickshaws.

Climate

Temprature
Mean Max: 36.0°C
Mean Min: 22.4°C

Rainfall
270 cm. (Annual).

Kollam Tourist Attractions:

Kollam previously known as Quilon in Kerala, India is an ancient port located on the edge of the Ashthamudi Lake. Traders visited Kollam in ancient times from lands as far away as Phoenicia, Arabia, Greece, Rome and China. In more recent times the Portuguese established a trading post at Kollam, after which The Dutch and British set up their factories to export spices, sandalwood, ivory and coir. Kollam is also a beautiful destination and a gateway to the Kerala backwaters. You can see the tourist attractions of Kollam on your Kerala visit.

Situated 71 Km north of Thiruvananathapuram, the capital of Kerala, Kollam is an important center of the cashew nut processing and trading industry. There are also some important historical buildings and temples that tourists can see on your Kollam tour. The most noticeable feature in Kollam is the Ashthamudi Lake, which covers around 30 % of Kollam town. The backwaters around Kollam, which extend from the Ashthamudi Lake, are exceedingly beautiful. The boat ride from Kollam to Alappuzha takes 8 hours and is a delightful ride, with lotuses and water lilies growing in the water, water birds calling from the banks and otters splashing and playing in the water. You can enjoy Kerala backwater tours from Kollam while visiting Kollam on your Kerala visit.

The Mata Amrithanandamayi Ashram, is located near Kollam in Vallikavu. This international pilgrimage destination is known for its educational and medical institutes and for the personality of Ma Amrithanandamayi who is also called the hugging saint for her habit of embracing her disciples. You can visit this international pilgrimage destination on tours of Kollam while on Kerala Tour.

The historic Thangasseri Fort is near Kollam. The ruins of a Portuguese Fort and churches that were constructed in the 18th century, Thangasseri is a remnant of the historic Portuguese presence in Kerala. The 144 feet high lighthouse at Thangasseri is open to visitors and provides fabulous views of the sea and the coast of Kollam in Kerala. See the attractions of Kollam on tours of Kollam while on your Kerala visit.

Kumarakom Backwaters

Temprature
Summer : Max: 35°C
Winter : Max: 25°C

Rainfall
310 cm (Annual)

How to Reach Kumarakom Backwaters

By Air
Trivandrum International Airport which is 171 Km kms. away from the Muhamma boat jetty
From Cochin International Airport, about 76 kms from Kottayam town.

By Rail
Nearest Railway Staion is Kottayam, about 16 km away.

By Ferries
If you have arrived at Trivandrum International Airport, come to Quilon by road or rail (takes just about one hour). From there, you can take the regular ferry service to Alleppey - a long and delightful ride on Kerala's backwaters. From Alleppey, it's just a short ride to Kumarakom.

Kumarakom Tourist Attractions:

Kumarakom in Kerala is a beautiful backwater destination. Located on the picturesque Vembanad Lake Kumarakom has to be seen to be believed. Kumarakom consists of a cluster of islands which have been converted into a number of tourist resorts. Popular with the discerning luxury tourist, Kumarakom is a must visit on your Kerala tours.

Kumarakom is enthrallingly beautiful. The blue backwaters and the surface of Vembanad Lake reflect the azure sky. The amazing shades of green of the vegetation that include mangroves, coconut palms, and paddy fields cover the verdant countryside. Channels and waterways wind their way through this green paradise.

Vembanad Lake is fast developing as a backwater tourism destination of Kerala. The most interesting part of Vembanad lake is that many small rivers and canals originate from here. The lake provides facilities like boating and fishing which are a hit among tourists. A visit to the lake is sure to be an exhilarating experience.

The Bird Sanctuary of Kumarakom is known as a paradise for bird watchers. The sanctuary is located on the banks of the Vembanad Lake and covers a total area of 101 acres. Other than local bird species, a number of migratory birds come to the sanctuary during the winter months. Some of the commonly spotted birds here are egrets, darters, herons, teal, bitterns, brahminy kites, marsh harries, waterfowl, cuckoo and wild ducks. Siberian storks are also a major attraction here.

Kozhikode (Calicut) Backwaters

How To reach Kozhikoade Backwaters

By Air
Kozhikode airport is at Karipur is at a distance of about 25 km from the centre of the city.

By Rail
The Kozhikode railway station is located south of the Manachira Square. It is served by a handful of costal expresses and several passenger trains.

By Road
A well-built network of roads connects Kozhikode (Calicut) to the other parts of the state.

Local Transport
Auto Rickshaws, Deluxe Buses.

Climate


Temprature
Tropical.
Mean Max: 32.0°C
Mean Min: 22.5°C

Rainfall
254 cm (Annual)

Kozhikode Tourist Attractions:

Kozhikode, previously known as Calicut, is an important and scenic town in North Kerala. The name Kozhikode is derived from the Malayalam word for the crowing of a cock. The area around Kozhikode was ruled by local rulers called Zamorins who traded with merchants from Arabia. In 1498 the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kappad Beach, near Kozhikode. After the British grew to become the dominant trading power, Kozhikode, renamed Calicut, became an important British trading outpost. A locally made variety of checked cloth called Calico (from Calicut) was a popular item of export. You can tour the attractions of Kozhikode on your Kerala visit.

Kozhikode or Calicut, the former capital of the Zamorins and referred to as "the great province of Malabar" by the legendary Marco Polo, continues to attract visitors from distant shores. The city reeks of history and culture, making it the favourite destination of history buffs. Over the years, Kozhikode has become commercially important for textiles, seafood processing, timber and tiles. At the same time, traditional art forms like the ancient form of Kerala's martial art, Kalaripayattu has flourished.

The land of the Malabar Mahotsavam, Kozhikode was recognized as one of the most important historical regions in Malabar. Today, in addition to the ancient monuments, the green countryside and the pristine beaches, the area boasts of wildlife sanctuaries, rivers and hills. The backwaters of Kozhikode are a great holiday destination. The bustling Kozhikode backwaters promise you enchanting holiday experiences. Explore the un spoilt greens on the banks of the Kozhikode backwaters, see the water birds chirping away to glory, take a boat cruise and discover a spectacular water world.

Languor on the Kozhikode beaches as you watch the quiet of the still Kozhikode backwaters interrupted with rhythmic movements of boat oars.

Sail along the Kallai River and Canoli canal on your Kozhikode backwaters tours and enjoy a romance filled holiday surrounded by a cool, soothing green cloud. The sheer pleasure of letting your eyes rest on velvety green hills at a distance as you sail along on your boat on the Kozhikode backwaters. Sail to the Kadalundi bird sanctuary located on an island on the Kozhikode backwaters and see exotic bird species in their natural habitat. Be enthralled by the purity that emanates from the stunning Kappad beach, see the ancient lighthouse and visit the Pookot fresh water Lake on your Kozhikode backwaters tours.

Kasargod Backwaters

How To reach Kasargod Backwaters

By Air
The nearest airport is at Mangalore, 50 km away.
Kochi airport is 420 kms south.

By Rail
Kasargod has a railway station, which is linked to several important towns.

By Road
Motorable roads connect Kasargod to towns in Kerala and neighbouring Karnataka.


Climate

Temprature
Tropical.
Max: 31.2°C
Min: 23.6°C


Kasargod Tourist Attractions:

North Kerala is a beautiful Kerala backwater destination. Boating on Kasargod's Backwaters is an experience of a lifetime. Kerala's Kettuvalam (houseboats) are the most famous and traditional houseboats also known as the 'Knot-boats' because of its unique feature of not using even a single nail in the whole boat. Coir knots hold this Fascinating Kerala Houseboat together. Modern Houseboats on the other hand offer all the luxuries of a five star hotel. From furnished bedrooms, to modern toilets, cozy living rooms to even a balcony are all accommodated to make these Houseboats a moving haven on earth.

Kasargod Known for rice cultivation, coir processing and lovely landscape, with the sea to the West and the Western Ghats to the North and East. Kasargod is worth visiting on your Kerala visit. Kasargod in North Kerala offers several opportunities for backwater cruises. Two of these Kerala backwater cruise options are Chandragiri and Valiyaparamba. You can enjoy these scenic Kerala backwater cruises on your Kerala visit.

Chandragiri

Chandragiri is situated 4 Km to the Southeast of Kasargod town. Backwater cruises in and around Chandragiri are a pleasant experience. As you arrive at Chandragiri you will see the historic Chandragiri Fort, which was built in the 17th century. The fort offers excellent viewpoints from where you can see spectacular sunsets over the sea near Kasargod, Kerala, India. The backwater cruises from Chandragiri start from the Chandragiri Bridge. Enjoy Kerala Backwater cruises at Chandragiri near Kasargod on your Kerala visit.

Valiyaparamba

Valiyaparamba is a scenic backwater stretch near Kasargod. This area is full of greenery. Many local water birds can be seen along the backwaters and the vegetation is dense and soothing to the eye as you float past on your houseboat. Four rivers flow into the backwaters near Kasargod and there are many small islands along these backwater stretches, where birds can be seen. Enjoy floating along the enchanting backwaters of Valiyaparamba near Kasargod, Kerala, on on your Kerala visit.

Also near Kasargod are the scenic Bekal Beach and the historic Bekal Fort. You can enjoy a holiday on the backwaters and beaches around Kasargod in north Kerala, on Kerala Backwater tour inKerala.


Kottayam Backwaters

How To reach Kottayma Backwaters

By Air

From Cochin International Airport, about 76 kms to Kottayam town.
From Madurai Airport about 142 kms to Kottayam.
From Thiruvananthapuram International Airport about 170 kms to Kottayam.

By Rail
Nearest railway stations are Kottayam and Earnakulam (Kochi)

By Road
There are two bus stands, one run by state transport and the other private. The buses to major centres operate from the KSRTC bus station.

Ferries
The Ferry Station is 3 kms, away from the railway station. Services to Alleppey, Mannar, Chempakulam, Mankombu and Ambalapuzha.

Local Transport
Local buses, cycles.


Climate

Temperature
Tropical
Mean Max: 36.0°C
Mean Min : 22.4°C

Rainfall
270 cm. (Annual)


Kottayam Tourist Attractions:

Kottayam is "the land of lakes, latex and letters", that's what it is famously called. This historic town is also famous for many churches and temples and for its role in the history of Kerala. The beautiful Vembanand Lake and its associated backwaters border Kottayam district on the West. There are hill ranges to the East and the Ernakulam district to the North. Kottayam is located in an area of great natural beauty and you're sure to be enchanted by the scenery around Kottayam on your Kerala visit.

The name Kottayam is derived from Kotta and Akam and means the inside of a fort. Kottayam has a long history. The local rulers of Munjanad and Thekkumkur used Kottayam as their headquarters. Maharaja Marthanda Varma of Travancore defeated the local rulers and annexed Kottayam. With its fertile fields and transport links through the backwaters, Kottayam was a lucrative prize. You can see the ruins of the old palace and fort of the local rulers of Kottayam on your Kerala visit.

The serene and calm backwaters of Kottayam with sparkling blue water surrounded by lush green paddy fields, extensive rubber plantations make a perfect setting for an unforgettable backwaters tour that mesmerizes everyone here. A cruise through these backwaters to nearby Kumarakom backwaters leave everyone enchanted and you would relish these beautiful moments all your life.


Kuttanad Backwaters

how to reach Kuttanad Backwaters

By Air
Nearest airports: Cochin International Airport, about 85 km to the north.
Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, about 150 km to the south.

By Rail
Nearest Railway Stations are : Alappuzha and Changanacherry.

Local Transport
Local buses, Autos & Cars.

Climate

Temperature

Max : 32°C
Min : 27°C

Kuttanad is a favorite Kerala backwater destination on Kerala backwater tours. Kuttanad is also known as the "Rice Bowl of Kerala" and is characterized by its green landscape. Travel to Kuttanad and see the scenic beauty of this Kerala backwater destination.

Kuttanad is crisscrossed with waterways that run alongside fields of cassava, banana and yam, as well as emerald green fields of paddy. A unique feature of Kuttanad is that many of these fields are below sea level. The fields are surrounded by earthen bunds and crops are grown on the low-lying ground. This is similar to the polder regions of the Netherlands where land is reclaimed from the sea and crops are grown. You can see the amazing below-sea level fields of Kuttanad, while on your Kerala visit.

Kuttanad is a backwater paradise and an ideal destination for a backwater cruise in Kerala. Its innumerable streams, channels, waterways and lakes make it possible to drift along in a houseboat and enjoy the scenic view of the Kerala countryside. Have a memorable holiday while on your Kerala visit in Kuttanad.

Your tours of Kuttanad are sure to leave you with unforgettable memories. Your houseboat will be trailed by flocks of ducks, coir workers processing coir look up from their tasks and wave as you pass by, otters and water birds can be seen on the edges of the waterways, and the sound of rippling water is a soothing lullaby as you sail along on a houseboat through the backwaters of Kuttanad. Gather a host of unforgettable memories while on your Kerala visit in Kuttanad.

Thiruvallam Backwaters

how to reach Thiruvallam Backwaters

By Air
The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport at Thiruvananthapuram, about 6 km away.

By Train
The nearest Railway Station is at Thiruvananthapuram, about 6 km away.

Local Transport
Local buses, Autos & Cars.

Located just 6 Km from Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, Thiruvallam is a popular Kerala backwater destination. Known for its canoe rides Thiruvallam is becoming increasingly popular with tourists. Sail along the beautiful backwaters of Thiruvallam while on your Kerala visit.

The place is the meeting point of two rives- Killi and Karamana, which offer good conditions for pleasure navigation. The place has emerged as one of the most sought after backwaters destinations of Kerala.

A ride on a comfortable houseboat in the beautiful and serene backwaters of Thiruvallam makes a perfect holiday for tourists. Laze on the deck of your houseboat while passing through the countryside and enjoy the sight of fishing villages and children waving from the shores. The lush green vegetation combined with exotic lily and lotus flowers, exotic birds chirping in the clear blue sky, all make you feel like as if you are in a natural paradise.

Two rivers, the Killi and the Karamana come together at Thiruvallam. Besides Thiruvallam is also popular as a pilgrimage place for Hindus. There is also a historic temple dedicated to Parshurama, who is said to have created Kerala according to Hindu legend, at Thiruvallam. Many pilgrims come here to perform rituals in honor of their ancestors. You can see the beautiful landscape and historic attractions of Thiruvallam on your Kerala visit.

The backwaters around Thiruvallam are a beautiful sight. You can float along on a houseboat past local fishing villages where life continues in an age-old rhythm. See local children wave to you as you pass by on your backwaters cruise in Thiruvallam, Kerala. See water birds, exotic flowers and vegetation and hear the soothing splashing of the backwaters as your houseboat sails along. Have an unforgettable holiday on the backwaters of Thiruvallam on your Kerala visit.

Not far from Thiruvallam is the Veli Lagoon, where you can enjoy the facilities for water sports, a waterfront park and a floating bridge. The Akulam Boat club, which offers boating cruises on Akulam Lake and a park for children, is also a popular tourist attraction near Thiruvallam. You can enjoy the scenic beauty of the countryside and the tourist attractions of Thiruvallam on your Kerala visit.

Thiruvananthapuram Backwaters

How to reach Thiruvananthapuram Backwaters

By Air
The nearest air port Thiruvananthapuram International Airport is situated 7 km away from the city.

By Rail
Trains to various places are acessable from Trivandrum Cental and Trivandrum Pettah rail way stations.

By Road
Bus services starts from K.S.R.T.C Central Bus stand, Thampanoor and city services from East Fort to various places.

Loacal Transport
There are 3 options you can either hire a car preferably from a government-approved agency or take a taxi or if you prefer a cheaper mode of transport hire an auto rickshaw.

Climate

Temperature

Summer
Mean Max. :36.2°C
Mean Min.  :20.6°C
Winter
Mean Max. :35°C
Mean Min.  :18°C

Rainfall
170 cms. (May to November)

Thiruvananthapuram, previously known as Trivandrum, is incomplete without a boat-ride on the enchanting backwaters of Kerala. These waterways of Thiruvananthapuram teem with life. One can be seduced by the panorama of beautiful landscapes, beaches and waterways, coconut palms and, of course, beautiful, friendly people of Thiruvananthapuram. The lagoons, lakes, canals and rivers are lined up with dense tropical vegetation on either side. It is a breathtaking bout to experience a solitary and calm glide through this network of waterways. The backwaters form an especially attractive and economically valuable feature of Kerala.

Thiruvananthapuramis the capital of Kerala, India. This beautiful city is located near beautiful beaches and serene backwaters and has several historic temples and museums, making it a great place to begin Kerala Tours.

The name Thiruvananthapuram means the abode of Anantha the Snake God. In Hindu mythology Anantha is the serpent on which Vishnu, the Preserver in the Hindu pantheon, rests. Thiruvananthapuram city is built on seven hills. Its notable landmarks include the Sree Padmananbhaswamy Temple, which is believed to be 2000 years old. The museum attached to the temple has a number of paintings by the renowned painter from Kerala, Raja Ravi Verma. Thiruvananthapuram was previously the capital of the founder of Travancore state Raja Marthanda Varma. The modern capital of Kerala retains its historic heritage in the form of temples, old monuments and palaces of the kings of Travancore. You can tour the historic and modern attractions of Thriruvananthapuram on your Kerala visit.

Some of the modern attractions of Thiruvananthapuram include the Kanakakunnu Palace. The residence of the erstwhile rulers of Travancore, Kerala, the palace is now a venue for cultural events. The Napier Museum, the Natural History museum and the Sri Chitra Art Gallery are all worth visiting in Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram is near the Thiruvallam backwaters and the beautiful Kovalam Beach. So whether its Kerala backwaters or Kerala beaches that you wish to see, you can make a choice after arriving at Thiruvananthapuram. Tour the beautiful destinations around Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.


   
 
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